For those of you who weren’t here last year, I wrote two grammar packets that detailed a lot of the mistakes I saw over and over again at Writers’ Block. You can download them here and here, and I’ll be bringing some copies to the meeting next week. In the meantime, here’s your dose of weekly grammar.
COMPLETE SENTENCES
All right. For some reason, people don’t seem to understand what a “complete sentence” is. I feel a little ridiculous explaining this, but maybe it just has to be done.
A complete sentence must contain both a subject and a predicate. A subject is the noun the sentence is about and is modified by the predicate, which must contain a verb. The predicate often also includes an object, another noun. In the below examples, the subject is bolded, the entire predicate is underlined, and the object is italicized.
1. He ate the food quickly.
2. Even as the breeze whistled through the branches, the bird remained huddled on his branch.
3. Brushing the hair from her eyes, the girl shrugged. (No object.)
4. McGonagall would not approve, he knew, but there was nothing either of them could do. (Compound sentence, no objects.)
These examples do not cover all classes of sentences, but you get the idea. A more exhaustive explanation of predicates can be found on Wikipedia.
SEMI-COLONS VS COLONS
Now that we understand what a complete sentence is, let’s revisit those damn semi-colons. Semi-colons separate complete sentences. If there is not a complete sentence on either side of your semi-colon, then you’re doing it wrong.
Bad Example: There were many things he was afraid of; like spiders, snakes, and dogs.
Good Example: There were many things he was afraid of; these included spiders, snakes, and dogs.
Perhaps you were thinking of colons when you wrote that bad example. Colons are used for 1) dramatic pause, 2) lists, 3) separate complete sentences. Yes, colons can also be used to separate complete sentences, just like a semi-colon. This means that you can use a colon in place of a semi-colon, but not the other way around. That’s why it’s called a semi-colon. It’s not as powerful. Colon use examples are as follows:
Example: She did not like the dog: it was smelly and disgusting. (Separating complete sentences.)
Example: Without preamble, he explained exactly what it was about her that he disliked so: her fear of rabbits. (Dramatic pause, portion following colon is not a complete sentence.)
Example: There were many things he was afraid of: spiders, snakes, and dogs. (A list.)
Now for an exception to the rules (don’t you hate these?). If your list contains individual items that contain commas within them — say, if you’re listing cities and states — you should use semi-colons to separate the list items (instead of a comma). Note that this does not mean you should use a semi-colon to start off the list — you’d still use a colon for that — just that you should separate the individual items in the list with the semi-colon.
Example: He had visited many places: Boston, Massachusetts; Baltimore, Maryland; Chicago, Illinois; and Portland, Oregon, but no place ever seemed to capture his interest as much as New York had.
– Yidi