Teri Cornelius

Teri Cornelius

URBA 206

Ming Tang

Spring 2009

Evolving the Ancient City Wall

The ancient city wall is a powerful piece of urban form that originated out of functional defense strategies but also symbolized strong implications of power, wealth, social status, religious status, inclusion, and exclusion.  It was a powerful boundary that distinguished what was inner city and what was outer city.  The psychological effects of one being banished from the city wall or accepted through the massive gates can be very imposing on an individual.  The city wall may not exist in modern times at the same degree of application but it still transcends through fencing around one’s property to establish what is considered in and out and what is commonly read as permissible  or forbidden. 

Nearly all ancient cities contained a perimeter wall to defend itself from invaders.  It became an essential element to the success of the city and was a symbol of wealth and status.  However, the city wall has evolved over time and is often forgotten as part of a city’s deeply seated history (Figure 1).  What began as a means of defense soon became conquered or became too small for growing populations.  If a city wall remained intact, it was very common for it to be later removed during the Industrial Revolution as a means to encourage trade and commerce. The question arrises, what does the city wall mean to a modern society and how is it relevant today?  Although evidence of removed city walls is hardly discernible at the human eye level, etchings of the ancient city is easily seen from above (Figure 2).  More obvious examples are cities which have preserved their ancient city wall and typically used as a tourist attraction.  The ancient city wall is a great symbol of history and can be utilized as a reference point of time and place within our era.  The recognition of significant historical landmarks such as the city wall is a means for people to reconnect with the past and place themselves along the history of human kind.  This connection can often times generate a greater knowledge of the process of human evolution and alert the viewer to past, present, and future. 

Figure 1: Evolution of the city wall (click to enlarge).

Figure 2:  Aerial view of Florence, originally the Roman settlement of Florentia.

We can study how other cities have evolved their ancient city wall and decide what are some wise urban design developments.  One example is the Ringstrasse in Vienna, Austria (Figure 3).  Here, the old city wall of Vienna was removed and replaced with  a ring of architecturally significant civic institutions.  The movement was a experiment for late 19th and early 20th century architects like Otto Wagner and Gottfried Semper to express an eclectic liberal agenda.  Here, the mass of the city wall is disregarded but its form resonates into architectural masses and the surrounding street.  The idea is to remove the wall which represents enclosure, separation, and exclusion and replace it with an architectural expression of progression, acceptance, and forward thinking.  I think it is a very good idea in theory because the tracings of the wall are still felt through the curved building arrangements and curved perimeter street.  I do not necessarily agree with the architectural outcome of the project because the architecture represents a replication of historic styles such as renaissance, gothic, and baroque, rather than a direct evolution of civic architecture.

Figure 3: Aerial view of the Ringstrasse in Vienna, Austria.

10 Easy Ways to Reconnect with your Ancient City

 1. In cities that have not already established a distinct high rise zone, there may be opportunity for creating a high rise zone along the location of the historic city wall.  This idea has similarities to the Ringstrasse in that a new architectural zone is created in place of the city wall.  The skyscraper becomes a symbolic reference of a modern day version of the monolithic defense architecture of the past.  This idea would apply to cities that have had an ancient wall but it has ben fully disassembled over time.  It would be most efficient to implement this idea if the cities infrastructure closely follows the shape of the ancient wall.

2.Reconstruct a portion of the city wall and lookout tower close to its original form and provide access for the public to use it as a viewing platform.  Strategically placing a park or museum next to the structure would further aid in attracting people to the site.  Users can grasp the idea of the scale, form, and construction methods of the ancient city wall and be able to interact with it.  Also, it does not necessarily have to be located in its original place since it is only a portion of the wall, it will not give the sense of boundary or enclosure.     

3. Create a sculpture that represents the location and scale of the ancient city wall.  This sculpture can be interrupted by existing buildings, run beside them, or above them.  The idea is to create a datum line that ties what is existing into what used to be there.  It acts as a large scale urban artwork as well as an educational element.  

4. Turn the boundary defined by the ancient city wall into a daily market place for people to buy and sell goods, congregate, and socialize.  In this idea, the city wall remains as  a definitive boundary and stopping point and there are opportunities such as what is in the sketch to subtly reference the height of the old city wall.

5. Similar to idea #3 but create a series of art walls along building facades that are located in place of the old city wall.  This creates a massive urban artwork that can be implemented in numerous ways.  One method this could be implemented is that an office building can auction off their facade to an artist for charity or for advertisement purposes.  This idea gives a chance for people to express ideals and emotions through public artwork as well as reflect on the past.

6. Transform the old city wall into a linear garden path.  Providing green space to an urban environment can be symbolic rather than inserting trees and parks in irrelevant places.  Here, the boundary of the city wall is maintained and acting as a scenic path.  Some previous ideas can also be integrated into this one such as #3, the sculptural mass of the wall.

The buildings along the location of the ancient city wall can be assigned a particular function or typology.  For instance, all housing can occur in the form of town houses, hotels, apartment buildings, ect.  Another example can be to use all commercial buildings which can create a linear path for shoppers to enjoy.  The buildings could also be all government institutions, or all educational facilities.  Any number of these options depends on the need and flexibility of that particular city.  The buildings would ideally be shaped in a linear form to mimic the general shape of the original wall.  If portions of the wall still exist, then they too can be preserved and a stronger datum line would be created.                                       

Inverse the mass of the ancient wall as a means of creating interest and intrigue.  People can easily relate to extruded masses in an urban environment, so in order to create a more powerful effect, the mass can be a voided out into the ground plane.  This is not a means to evoke historic accuracy but to evoke the power one may have felt in ancient times standing next to a massive wall.

Recreate an ancient mote that acts as a public water feature.  The example of recreating the Cheonggyecheon stream into a interactive public space can be applied  here if it can be located in the location of the ancient mote and wall.  This idea can also be integrated with #6 to create a linear park and mote which still acts as a boundary and stopping point for people.

Construct an elevated walkway at the same height and location of the ancient city wall.  This idea works well in a city with many high rise buildings at the city core.  Implementing this walkway can be functional as a means of safe pedestrian travel as well as symbolic to the city’s past.  Co-operation with the building owners to provide access at the same elevation of the walkway would make this idea most successful.

Teri Cornelius

URBA 206

Ming Tang

Spring 2009

Urban Development

The scope of urban development includes many different entities that work together over time to create a place.  Paul Lukez states that identity is the combination of time plus site, where time equals writings and erasures that take place within a city.  In general, a combination of designers (commissioned by public and private sectors), government officials, and voting citizens are all contributors to writing and erasing our built environment.  

In a hierarchical layout, urban development is established first by urban planners, then urban designers, and finally architects.  This hierarchy includes overlaps of government, public, private, and design influences.  Urban planning can be defined as an implementation of the prominent ideologies of power.  Elected or appointed officials establish guidelines that dictate land use, zoning, infrastructure, urban character, identity, and a respect for heritage, pedestrians, traffic, utilities, and natural hazards.  The public is directly and indirectly involved with the urban planning process through either voting certain individuals into office or approving/disapproving the implementation of certain projects. 

Urban planning lays out a framework while urban design begins integrating how social communications and interactions work within the public space of this framework.  These public spaces include streets, plazas, parks, infrastructures, and sometimes privately owned building facades.   Some considerations are urban typology, density, sustainability, accessibility, wayfinding, function and fit, animation, character and meaning, order and incident, continuity and change, and civil society. Urban design  creates the appearance and functionality of cities in tandem with urban planners and architects.  Urban design has many characteristics of urban planning and architecture, and is often considered the interface between the two. 

Consider Savannah as a case study of how urban planners, urban designers, and architects work to create a sense of place.  First, the urban planners of the city are comprised of various committees and groups, primarily the MPC (Metropolitan Planning Commission) and SDRA (Savannah Development and Renewal Authority).  These agencies along with the city’s voters and elected officials have created a master plan, known as the Tricentennial Plan, that gives guidelines and initiatives to nearly every aspect of the city.  From this master plan, urban designers and architects can fill in design elements that follow the goals and regulations of the master plan and meet the requirements of their respective clients.  All projects, new construction or renovations, within the downtown historic district must be approved by the one or more reviews in order to be given building rights.  See Savannah’s City Market.  

I believe that cities should have clear and concise guidelines that follow closely to a set of goals established by the community as well as government officials.  I also believe that a city should not have guidelines that strictly dictate the physical appearance of a particular building or group of buildings.  Neither the government nor the general public should be the sole decision makers of “good design,”  a conversation reserved for the client and designer.  However, this does not mean an absence of a review process.  Reviewers can establish whether or not a particular design is deemed acceptable as long as the review board is comprised of people knowledgeable in architecture and urban design.  An urban design project should be voted on by the tax payers because they are the funders.   I think in some ways, Savannah has failed to allow the urban form reveal clear historical trails and has created a mythical past alongside tracings of its true past.

Teri Cornelius

URBA 206

Ming Tang

Spring 2009

Global Warming Effects on Urban Design

There are two concepts to the term global warming.  The first is that the earth’s temperature will actually rise due to the greenhouse effect and the melting of the polar ice caps.  The second concept is that the term global warming actually represents an entire climate restructuring which leads to major climate change patterns, not necessarily related to temperature increases.  

We have already established that urban centers constitute a very small portion of land but contribute to a major effect on global warming.  Cities affect greenhouse gas emissions directly and indirectly through producing large amounts of carbon emissions and simultaneously reducing carbon sinks (natural vegetation).  Globally, cities are warmer than rural environments (1-3 degrees celsius or even up to 10 degrees celsius under certain conditions) and there are strategies which mitigate the warming factors.  

It is also essential to look at the sustainable nature of the city block and the collective treatment of a grouping of city blocks rather than the sustainability of an individual building.  In order to alleviate the causes of urban heat mentioned above, the collection of buildings can work symbiotically together to provide cleaner air, natural ventilation, fresh water, ect.  Then, global warming can be addressed through creating an urban ecosystem that works cyclically rather than a linear cycle of a single sustainable building.  For instance, the New York Times Building is a fantastic sustainable piece of architecture but what if the entire block of buildings shared a living machine waste water treatment and grey water recycling infrastructures?  And hypothetically, what if the NYT building and the rest of the buildings on the block were oriented to shield chilly winter winds for the neighbors to the south and shade hot summer sun to the neighbors on the north.  These buildings already do so to a certain extent, but if the urban design were to respond efficiently as possible, built forms in the city can work together to create an entire city of sustainable features.

Another approach to how urban design is affected by global warming is that thousands of cities are at risk for depleting or hazardously exceeding natural resources, especially water.  Water infrastructures are at serious risk in times of climate crisis and cities may even need to be abandoned/relocated due to the depletion/flooding of water (this is already occurring).  Consider Sydney, Australia which is predicted to experience droughts as well as flash flooding due to the dramatic whether pattern changes.  San Francisco is initiating a design competition to bring innovative solutions to rising sea levels.

I believe urban design has to accommodate for both creating sustainable cities and adaptability to changing needs.  As stated in the lecture by Paul Lukez, cities evolve through a series of erasures and writings.  These acts aid or diminish a city’s sense of place and identity.  Transforming and repurposing in a responsible and careful manner is essential to providing the framework for livable places, but it is ultimately up to the people to decide whether or not the city will be successful.  We also should consider whether or not our actions are contributing or reversing our evolution as humans.  Should we be bound to habitating in areas which are so far from ideal buildable and functional places that it sets us up for failure?  I believe that human intelligence and cultural intelligence evolves and as a culture we are smart enough to live successfully with the earth.  Humans are given the right to dominate the land but we are not obligated to rule it with dictatorship.

Teri Cornelius

URBA 206

Ming Tang

Spring 2009

Renewable Energy- Tidal Power

Of the many up and coming renewable energy resources, tidal and wave power is a very feasible solution to our energy crisis.  Tidal and wave energy is available around the world and it is no wonder that such energy exists within the magestic power of water.  Think of the last time you have been to a large body of water and it is quite humbling to be amongst an element with such mass, weight and kinetic energy.  Harnessing tidal and wave energy at this point would need a bit more investigation to catch up with the more popular wind and solar energy.  However, the potential is quite great for it to become a reliable and constant energy supply if it is integrated properly.

The first project is the LIMPET (Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer) system located on Scotland’s west coast.  It was installed in 2000 and provides power to the national grid through harnessing wave power.  A water column turns a pair of counter rotating turbines which release its energy into a 250 kW generator.  The design allows for easy installation and maintanence and is low-lying along the coast.

The second project is the Rance Tidal Power Plant located in France.  It was built in 1966 and is the first electrical generating station to be powered by tidal energy.  The barrage extends along the entire length of the river and through the pressure of the tide, is able to generate energy to a generator.  In many cases, large gates are used to allow for ships to pass through in a barrage design.  The biggest issue with barrages is the great affect on ecosystems.  In the Rance River, some species of fish disappeared entirely which leads to a chain reaction of many other species of wildlife associated with that particular situation.

others

I think the wave and buoy technology is an efficient process and has a very low ecological impact.  It seems that all of the tidal power units are located in very sensitive environments which would be just as counter-productive as using fossil fuels for energy.  Wave and buoy systems are located in open ocean environments which are the marine equivalent to desserts, and have a low impact on marine life.  There are also experiments on re-using equipment from offshore oil drilling platforms for wave energy systems to produce and transport energy.

Teri Cornelius

URBA 206

Professor Ming Tang

HW 3

Spring 2009

Retrofitting Vs. New Construction

Cities occupy 2% of the world’s land mass but produce ⅔ of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.  There are many new and old technologies that create a potential for carbon-neutral buildings, but that does not solve the issue of the many existing buildings that were built without considering energy efficiency.  Organizations like the GBC and LEED offer energy efficient solutions for both new and existing constructions and there are also political organizations such as the Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Cities that work to reduce climate change.  According to the CCI web site:

CCI is serving as the exclusive implementing partner of the C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, an association of large cities around the world that have pledged to accelerate their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this capacity, CCI is working with partner cities to develop and implement large scale projects to improve energy efficiency and directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in buildings, waste management, transportation, outdoor lighting, ports, and other areas.  

In order to effectively reduce ghg emissions, we need to consider benefits of retrofitting existing buildings and infrastructure as well as building new, innovative, green designs.

The first case is a $500 million project to refurbish the Empire State Building.  This is a massive project geared toward being a prototype for retrofitting existing skyscrapers and is intended to qualify for LEED Gold certification once completed by the end of 2010.  A $20 million dollar upgrade to HVAC systems is currently in progress.  It will reduce energy by 38% and save $4.4 million dollars in annual energy savings costs.  The project includes 8 key elements with the upgrade. 

1. Window Light Retrofit, transforming existing glazing to triple-glazed insulated panels.

2. Radiator Insulation Retrofit, added insulation behind radiators to reduce heat loss and efficiently heat the building perimeter.

3. Tenant Lighting, Daylighting, and Plug Upgrades, introducing improvements to lighting design, daylighting controls, and plug load occupancy sensors to reduce electricity costs and cooling loads.

4. Air Handling Replacements, replacing units to variable frequency drive fans to allow increased energy efficiency and comfort.

5. Chiller Plant Retrofit, reuse of existing chiller shells while removing and replacing components to improve chiller efficiency and controllability.

6. Whole Building Control System Upgrade, optimizes HVAC and provide detailed sub-metering information.

7. Ventilation Control Upgrade, demand control ventilation in occupied spaces to improve air quality and reduce energy required to condition outside air.

8. Tenant Energy Management System, individualized, web-based power usage systems for each tenant to allow for more efficient management of power usage.  

The second case is a project under construction called the Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China.  Designed by Skidmore, Owens, and Merrill, it is 71 stories tall and 2.2 million square feet.  It has a “net” zero energy footprint by using wind turbines, geothermal heat skins, and integrated photovoltaics, among other green features.  The most prominent feature is how the facade is able to accelerate wind through openings and increase wind speed 1.5-2.5 times the ambient speed.  This can generate power 15 times greater than a freestanding turbine.  

Both projects deal with high rise architecture, one built in the early 20th century, the other built 100 years later.  The Empire State Building is one of the most famous sky scrapers in the world and to make such a huge refurbishment is a big statement.  Although the retrofitting will enable the building to be LEED certified, I would expect the energy reduction to be more than 38%, especially given the large amount of money needed to make these fixes.  What is interesting when comparing the two buildings is that all of the “mistakes” made from high rise structures like the Empire State Building have evolved into design solutions in the new “green” sky scraper like the Pearl River Tower.  The Pearl River Tower makes the most of the natural environment to work for the user.  It becomes a new prototype for buildings that co-operate with nature instead of the previous century’s buildings which became parasites to the environment.

I think refurbishing structures has several benefits.  I am glad to see that such an icon of modern accomplishments has once again taken a leadership position to show the world techniques which can be utilized in other high rise buildings.  This generates an industry that specializes in such retrofitting, and ensures that historic structures can successfully fit into a new era.  Retaining structures like the Empire State Building is a physical reminder of our past and makes us think about our evolution into a new culture without draining our energy resources.

Teri Cornelius

HW #2

URBA 206

Ming Tang

Spring 2009

Urban Transportation: Natural Gas Vehicles Vs. Hybrid Vehicles

My last homework dealt with peak oil and how proposals to reduce peak oil affect food transportation. This week I am comparing and contrasting vehicles powered by natural gas and vehicles powered by hybrid technology using electricity and gasoline. As stated in my previous homework assignment, reducing the use of fossil fuels will greatly improve our planet’s condition, and eliminating foreign oil imports will improve U.S. economy. There are two solutions that have already been implemented as a means to reduce our dependency on petroleum.

The first solution is part of the Pickens Plan which was outlined in the previous homework, and states that in order to reduce foreign oil imports we need to change all vehicles to natural gas power. Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) are already implemented in Southern California with the most popular NGV being the Honda Civic GX, dubbed the cleanest internal-combustion car on earth. According to Natural Gas Vehicle for America http://www.ngvc.org/ there are 120,000 NGV on U.S. roads today and 8.7 million in the world. Natural gas costs 1/3 less than gasoline, it can reduce CO2 emissions by 20% and other missions by 70% or more. Natural gas consists of 90% methane, which is 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide, but when NG is combusted the bi-products are CO2 and Water. Natural gas is found in many states but harvesting NG is not the only method to generating methane. Biogas is a product of the decomposition of organic materials such as animal waste, crops, landfills, or sewage. Biogas contains 60% methane and can be used just as natural gas can. Transforming biomethane into transportation energy can save 1.25 trillion cubic feet from being released into the atmosphere.

The second solution has been more widely implemented throughout the U.S. and still uses conventional gasoline for a portion of its power. This is why it is referred to as a hybrid vehicle because of its partial gasoline, partial electric components. Hybrid Cars.com http://www.hybridcars.com/ outlines how hybrids work. A computer system decides when the car needs to use energy from the electric motor or the gasoline motor. The battery does not need to be plugged in because it can gain energy from regenerative braking when the computer tells it to. It uses significantly less gasoline than conventional vehicles because the gas engine is able to shut down at certain points including stopping and slow accelerations. The batteries can last up to a couple hundred thousand miles and are fully recyclable. Hybrids currently come in 15 different models and range in price from $22,000-$103,000.

Both hybrids and NGV reduce greenhouse gas emissions and are much better for the environment than typical vehicles. The major downfall of hybrid vehicles is that they still use oil as a fuel source. Because of the battery technology, they should not be stored for more than three months, and the cost of hybrids is still quite high. NGV are a newer vehicle type and start off at $25,000 which is about how much one of the cheapest hybrids cost. The most important benefit to investing in NGV is that they are intentionally able to later be transformed into hydrogen vehicles. Hydrogen is zero emitting and can be produced from wind, solar, landfill gas, or natural gas. However, the technology to harvesting and delivering hydrogen is not as cheap as using natural gas, so natural gas is used as a catalyst fuel source.

I see great potential for NGVs to create a relationship between natural gas/biomethane and fuel source which later transforms into hydrogen fuel source. I see potential for farmers to be able to capture biomethane and use it directly for an on-site energy source. NGV are said to be very efficient for fleet vehicles such as taxis and buses, which provides a very clean environment in urban areas. However, a downfall to both vehicle types is that they don’t reduce urban congestion. It is ultimately up to the government and personal incentives to reduce our car dependence with other modes of transportation.

Teri Cornelius

URBA 206

Ming Tang

Spring 2009

Peak Oil

Peak oil is one of the greatest concerns of our time.  Experts claim that peak oil, the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, has already occurred in 2005.  The issue here is that many nations and billions of people rely on this depleting energy source.  Transportation accounts for ⅔ of all oil use in the United States (http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/demand_text.htm). The value Americans have put on what used to be known as “cheap oil” has lead to catastrophic effects including major traffic congestion, excessive food transportation miles, enlarged carbon footprint, and a very unhealthy way of life.  In an urban setting, the reduction of traffic congestion, the availability of fresh, local produce, and a clean environment would improve and secure a good quality of life.

It is obvious the solution would be to reduce and ultimately eliminate transportation methods which utilize petroleum.  There are several proposals that are trying to accomplish this.  T. Boone Pickens (http://www.pickensplan.com/index.php) is a Texas business tycoon and has been in the oil business his whole life.  He has proposed a solution to congress and is working to get it implemented by the U.S. government.  His greatest concern is our reliance on foreign oil which jeopardized our security and drains our economy. 70% of our petroleum is imported and in order to eliminate our foreign oil imports we need to replace our transportation fuel from oil to natural gas and gain 20% of our electricity from wind power.  The plan is further supplemented with the creation of jobs to build a new electrical grid across the U.S., provide incentives for homeowners and commercial building owners to insulate their buildings.  Also, natural gas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas) is a domestic energy source and is 30% cleaner than oil.  This plan works to create energy security and improve our economy.

Another proposal is issued by New Urbanists (http://www.newurbanism.org/ ) to integrate a massive national train system.  This will include high speed trains that run across the U.S., medium speed trains that operate regionally, and low speed trains and streetcars that operate locally.  High speed trains (http://www.newtrains.org/) have already been implemented in France and the goal is to get that system in the U.S. Here they are working to provide a “car free” lifestyle by providing transportation that is extremely efficient.  In order for this plan to be successful, it needs to be a massive, expensive restructuring of our transportation system.  President Obama has addressed the importance of an efficient trains system and has currently reserved a portion of the stimulus package for a new train system (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/20/us/20rail.html). 

Both plans address a significant reduction in our nation’s carbon footprint and reduce our dependency on foreign oil.  The Picken’s Plan works as a collective set of steps that eventually bring us closer and closer to a final goal.  The first step offers a quick fix to immediately reduce our foreign oil dependency and using domestic energy such as natural gas, solar, and wind energy.  If implemented, it can be completed in less than 10 years.  This allows us to buy time and generate an economy until more permanent solutions are implemented.  However, the goal does not seem to be concerned with our carbon footprint or the climate crisis but with energy security and the condition of the American economy.  It does not try to force major changes in American everyday living but allow us to continue our lifestyle as it is.  

The National Rail Plan is more of a jolting effect in that it proposes a massive project that would forever change American life.  In order to be successful, the plan needs to be fully implemented.  If, for instance, it is only partially integrated, the system would not be as effective because the premise is to get a lot of people to stop our current mode of transportation.  Here the plan works to evolve our thinking and our way of life that would extend into providing a better lifestyle for future generations.  

In relating both of these schemes to food transportation, both would be significantly more efficient than our current system.  Replacing diesel fueled engines to natural gas is a comparable solution to hybrid or electric cars since 18-wheelers and heavy trucks cannot run on battery technology.  However, it is still a temporary fix.  I think there is great potential in the National Train System to also carry goods as well as people.  If it is properly implemented, it would be possible for people across the country to enjoy foods that cannot be produced in their region though the use of high-speed trains.  I do believe that consuming local foods is the best solution, but it would be very hard for people to sacrifice having a large variety of food available at nearly every grocery store.    

I am originally from Parkersburg, Iowa, and similar to Malorie I have gone through some motivated forgetting of the weather there.  I have lived in Savannah for four years and I have a fiance and a 1 year old daughter.  I am a 4th year architecture major and will enter thesis year in the fall.  I find it essential to take classes in urban design and architectural history in order to have a deeper understanding of architecture.  Two classes I reccommend are “American Architecture and Urbanism” and “History of Urban Form.”  I am currently in Professor Singeisen’s studio working on a competition project to design additions to Louis Kahn’s Salk Institute in La Jolla, California.  So, if you don’t see me walking around town with my daughter, Aaralynn, then I am most likely working on studio at home or in Eichberg.